Center For Indigenous Psychology (Pusat Pengembangan Psikologi Islam) diasuh oleh: Prof. DR Achmad Mubarok MA, Guru Besar Psikologi Islam UI, UIN Jakarta, UIA

Wednesday, May 11, 2011

Jenis-jenis Gangguan Jiwa (1)
at 10:37 PM 
Neurasthenia

Bimbingan dan konseling Agama diperlukan bagi orang-orang yang terkena gangguan kejiwaan. Jenis gangguan jiwa ini cukup banyak, sementara terapi psikologis harus tepat, oleh karena itu setiap konselor harus mengerti jenis dan karakteristik dari masing-masing jenis gangguan.

Sebelum membahas jenis-jenis gangguan jiwa terlebih dahulu harus jelas tentang perbedaan gangguan jiwa (neurose) dengan sakit jiwa (psychose). Orang yang terkena gangguan jiwa atau neurose pada umumnya masih menyadari kesulitan yang diderita. Ia tetap sadar akan realitas sekelilingnya, dan ia sadar pula bahwa ada sesuatu yang mengganggu jiwanya, yang oleh karena itu ia juga merasa bingung apa yang harus dilakukan. Meski jiwanya terganggu ia masih memiliki kepribadian, meskipun boleh jadi integritas dirinya kurang sempurna.

Sedangkan orang yang terkena sakit jiwa, ia adalah orang yang biasanya sudah dianggap gila. Meski ia dalam kesulitan tetapi ia tidak menyadari kesulitan yang ada pada dirinya. Ia juga sudah tidak menyadari terhadap realitas dirinya dan alam sekitarnya sehingga ia terkadang tertawa sendiri atau bahkan tak bisa membedakan apakah ia berpakaian menutup aurat atau tidak. Kepribadiannya dari segala sudut (tanggapan, perasaan, emosi dan motivasinya) sangat terganggu sehingga ia tidak lagi memiliki integritas.

Jika orang sakit jiwa perlu dirawat di Rumah Sakit Jiwa, maka penderita neurose cukup dilayani dengan program konseling. Namun demikian, menurut teori kesehatan mental, keduanya disebut ketidaknormalan mental juga, yang satu sangat parah, yang lain tidak. Jika orang gila tidak merasakan penderitaan gilanya, maka ciri-ciri orang yang menderita gangguan jiwa antara lain ; ketegangan batin (tension), murung, merasa putus asa, cemas dan gelisah, merasa tidak beredaya, hysteria, mimpi buruk dan merasa terpaksa melakukan sesuatu.

Secara garis besar, jenis-jenis gangguan jiwa dapat dikelompokan menjadi tujuh mcam, yaitu : Neurasthenia, hysteria, psychasthenia, gagap bicara, tabawwul atau ngompol, psikopat dan kelainan seksual. Disamping itu ada juga gangguan jiwa yang disebabkan karena seseorang memiliki akhlak yang rendah.

Neurasthenia
Gangguan jiwa dalam bentuk ini sepintas seperti orang yang menderita sakit syaraf, yakni penyakit yang disebabkan oleh lemahnya syahwat, karena penderita sangat peka terhadap bising dan gerak. Jika benar gangguan itu karena lemahnya syahwat, maka pengobatan yang terbaik baginya adalah istirahat total di tempat tidur (bed rest), dijauhkan dari semua keributan dan bahkan dari cahaya terang, sambil meminum obat penenang.

Akan tetapi gejala neurasthenia bukan hanya peka terhadap bising dan cahaya, ia merasa tidak semangat, seluruh hidupnya merasa letih, jika mengerjakan sesuatu cepat merasa cape, perasaan tidak enak, ingin marah-marah, dan tidak bisa konsentrasi fikiran disamping tidak nafsu makan, sensitip terhadap cahaya dan bunyi-bunyian, bahkan terhadap bunyi detik jam, sehingga ia merasa selalu gelisah dan juga susah tidur. Begitu banyak keluhan pada penderita neurasthenia sampai jenis gangguan jiwa ini oleh Dr. Zakiah Darajat disebut sebagai Penyakit Payah.

Tentang penyebab timbulnya sakit syaraf, para ahli banyak mengemukakan pendapat, menurut Dr. Zakiah Darajat, dan juga Dr. Abd. Rahman Isawi, gangguan jiwa jenis ini disebabkan karena terlalu lama menekan perasaan, konflik batin, cemas dan terlalu lama merasa tidak mampu mencapai tujuan serta merasa tidak mempunyai peluang untuk bersaing. Kasus seperti ini bisa terjadi pada orang yang memiliki riwayat hidup sebagai seorang anak yang paling lemah diantara sepuluh bersaudara yang kuat dan sukses, dimana ayahnya mendidiknya secara keras dan mengharuskan anak yang lemah itu sukses seperti Sembilan saudaranya yang lain, atau pada orang lemah yang hidup dalam sistem yang tidak memberinya peluang untuk eksis.

Jika akar masalahnya sudah diketahui, maka istirahat total di tempat tidur belum menyelesaikan masalah. Ia memerlukan sentuhan halus berupa bantuan psikologis agar mengenali secara jelas siapa dirinya dan agar ia dapat menempatkan pengalaman hidupnya di masa lalu secara proporsionil. Jika penderita orang yang taat beragama, maka penekanan makna ridla, syukur dan sabar akan membantu membangkitkan semangat hidup, atau sekurang-kurangnya menerima realitas secara ikhlas.

posted by : Mubarok institute

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